Physicochemical evaluation, GC–MS-based phytoconstituent analysis and network pharmacology study of Guduchi Arka: an ayurvedic hydro-distillate

Guduchi Arka is a classical Ayurvedic hydro-distillate formulation with quick absorption and healing properties, prepared from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. Despite its long history of traditional use, the scientific community still lacks a complete set of quality parameters for its chemical composition and its molecular mechanisms. To overcome this problem, laboratory analysis and computer modelling parameters were used to investigate the quality, safety, and effectiveness of the formulation in treating fever and cold. Guduchi samples were obtained from three locations in India (Jhansi, Bengaluru, and Itanagar), and the raw materials were analysed to verify compliance with API standards. Authenticated Guduchi samples were processed arka preparation by using a standardised hydro-distillation method, and the resulting arka was assessed by physicochemical analysis, with a pH of 6.15–6.95, a specific gravity near 1.00, and an essential oil content of approximately 0.236%. Raw drugs and Arka preparations complied with standard API safety standards, as no pathogenic organisms were detected, heavy metals, pesticides, and aflatoxins were undetectable, and microbial content was below the standard API limit. GC–MS analysis of the arka formulation revealed a consistent and rich array of bioactive compounds, including 1-Eicosanol, α-Campholenal, o-toluric acid, Anethole, Estragole, Embelin, Nicolaioidesin A, (-)-Globulol, Paliclavine, and Chamazulene. To assess its therapeutic significance, 20 phytoconstituents of the Guduchi arka formulation were screened using network pharmacology and molecular docking. These compounds showed 248 overlapping targets with genes associated with fever and respiratory infections. The key regulatory proteins HSP90AA1, EGFR, and HSP90AB1 emerged as central nodes in the protein–protein interaction networks. To better validate the molecular docking study, robust biological interactions were observed: Nicolaiodesin A interacted effectively with EGFR (score: − 7.2 kcal/mol), whereas Embelin interacted effectively with HSP90AA1 (score: − 6.6 kcal/mol). Finally, this study demonstrates that Guduchi Arka is a highly standardised and safe formulation that retains all its healing phytochemicals during the distillation process. This study elucidates the mode of action of Guduchi Arka on immunity and inflammation, providing a solid scientific basis for its traditional use and future applications in herbal medicine.