Extracellular vesicles in Toxoplasma gondii: molecular messengers at the host–parasite interface

Toxoplasma gondii establishes lifelong infection through a highly dynamic molecular dialog with its host. Beyond canonical secretion from apical organelles, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as central mediators of host–parasite communication. This review conceptualizes EVs as an extension of the parasite’s secretory arsenal and as hybrid signalling platforms generated by both parasites and infected host cells. We discuss current evidence on EV biogenesis, molecular cargo, and functional impact, highlighting their role in infection priming, immune modulation, and neural reprogramming. Proteins associated with invasion and intracellular survival, regulatory microRNAs, and bioactive lipids collectively position EVs as multilayered effectors capable of reshaping host responses locally and systemically. We further examine the translational implications of these vesicles as biomarkers, vaccine platforms, and therapeutic delivery vehicles. By integrating mechanistic and translational perspectives, this review frames EVs not as by-products of infection, but as strategic molecular messengers at the host–parasite interface, redefining our understanding of toxoplasmosis pathogenesis.