Biomimetic cell membrane–functionalized lanthanide nanoplatforms: From bio-interface design to precision theranostic applications

Cell membrane coating technology is a biomimetic approach for replicating the intrinsic properties of natural cell membranes that may be useful in nanoscale biomedicine. When applied to lanthanide nanoparticles (LnNPs), cell membrane coatings have the biological functionalities of cell surfaces and versatile physicochemical properties of the inorganic core, which enhance biocompatibility, prolong systemic circulation, and enable targeted in vivo functions. However, research on the clinical translation of cell membrane-coated LnNPs (CMLnNPs) remains limited. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the principles and mechanisms underlying cell membrane coatings, summarize current preparation and characterization strategies, and examine the functional engineering of various cell membrane types. Additionally, recent advances in biomedical applications are highlighted. Finally, we outline future challenges and emerging trends for developing CMLnNPs for precision medicine.