New and emerging therapeutics and molecular targets for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

INTRODUCTION: Attention‑deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by persistent, impairing, and developmentally inappropriate patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. ADHD is a multifactorial, partially heritable and polygenic disorder, involving multiple biological pathways and implicating many potential therapeutic targets. AREA COVERED: This opinion paper summarizes the evolution of ADHD diagnostic criteria and pharmacotherapy. The development of alpha‑2 adrenergic agonists, psychostimulants, and other dopamine/ norepinephrine transporter blockers, which all have short‑term efficacy and promising long‑term outcomes, is briefly described. In addition to established therapeutics that are approved for ADHD treatment, new and emerging therapeutics are reviewed, including compounds modulating monoaminergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, and glycinergic neurotransmission. The concept of genome guided drug discovery is introduced. EXPERT OPINION: Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and biological pathways of ADHD have identified putative targets beyond traditional catecholaminergic mechanisms. These developments support the emergence of novel, mechanistically distinct therapeutics that may broaden future treatment options. As ADHD is now recognized as a common, often lifelong condition with substantial comorbidity, treatments should aim not only for rapid symptom control but also for broader neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective benefits; such considerations should inform next‑generation drug development and clinical trial methodology.