Technoeconomic optimal design of a grid-connected PV/wind/battery hybrid renewable energy system for Algeria

The growing demand for sustainable and reliable electricity supply has intensified the need for advanced hybrid renewable energy systems capable of delivering both technical reliability and economic viability. This study presents a comprehensive technoeconomic optimization framework for the optimal design of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, wind energy conversion, and battery energy storage. The proposed configuration is designed to enhance system reliability, mitigate the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources, and reduce the overall cost of electricity generation while maintaining stable operation under varying resource conditions. To identify the most cost-effective system architecture, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based approach is employed to determine the optimal sizing of the system components. The optimization process minimizes the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) while satisfying technical and operational constraints related to system performance, energy balance, and reliability requirements. The proposed methodology is applied to Setif, Algeria, a region characterized by high solar potential and exploitable wind resources, making it suitable for hybrid renewable energy deployment. The optimization results reveal that the optimal configuration consists of 620 PV modules, 30 wind turbines, 200 battery storage units, and three power converters. This configuration achieves a minimum LCOE of 0.0299 USD/kWh, demonstrating the economic competitiveness of the proposed system while ensuring reliable energy supply. The results confirm the effectiveness of the PSO-based optimization framework for the design of grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems and highlight the potential of integrated PV–wind–battery solutions to support sustainable and cost-efficient electricity generation in Algeria and similar regions.