Wearable Sensors and Remote Patient Monitoring in Cardiovascular Disease: From Continuous Physiological Surveillance to Actionable Insights

Wearable technologies are increasingly used to support cardiovascular care by enabling continuous physiological monitoring beyond conventional clinical environments. Advances in consumer and medical-grade devices have expanded cardiovascular surveillance from intermittent assessments to longitudinal monitoring of heart rhythm, heart rate variability, blood pressure, heart failure status, and other physiological parameters. Concurrent advances in artificial intelligence have enhanced the ability of wearable systems to extract clinically meaningful insights from large-scale physiological data, supporting earlier disease detection, risk stratification, and personalized intervention. In this review, we examine the evolving role of wearable technologies across a 3-stage framework of cardiovascular care: surveillance, diagnosis, and intervention. We discuss established platforms, including wearable electrocardiography, photoplethysmography-based monitoring, and wearable cardioverter-defibrillators, alongside emerging modalities such as wearable ultrasound, seismocardiography, multimodal sensor fusion, and closed-loop therapeutic systems. We further highlight major technological trends, including the diversification of sensing modalities, the growing integration of artificial intelligence, and the transition from passive monitoring toward autonomous intervention. Finally, we discuss current challenges related to validation, clinical implementation, equity, privacy, and regulatory oversight. Together, these developments point toward a future in which wearable and multimodal sensing, artificial intelligence, and clinical workflows are increasingly integrated into cardiovascular disease prevention, diagnosis, and management.