Omics-Driven Design of Organic Nanomaterials for Sustainable Agriculture: Decoding Plant−Nanomaterial Interactions

Abstract The application of nanomaterials in agriculture has emerged as a promising strategy to improve crop productivity, optimize agrochemical delivery, and support sustainable crop management. However, the development of agricultural nanoformulations remains largely empirical, particularly for biodegradable organic nanomaterials, owing to the limited mechanistic understanding of plant−nanomaterial interactions. Recent advances in omics and multiomics approaches are transforming this scenario by revealing how nanomaterials actively modulate molecular, metabolic, and physiological processes rather than acting solely as passive delivery systems. In this review, we examine how omics approaches are reshaping our understanding of plant responses to organic nanomaterials, highlighting emerging patterns of biological reprogramming, the influence of nanomaterial physicochemical properties on these responses, and current challenges in experimental standardization, multiomics integration, mechanistic interpretation, and field validation. The available evidence does not support a universally optimal nanomaterial, highlighting the need for biologically informed design strategies tailored to material properties, plant responses, and application conditions. Finally, we propose omics-guided design as a conceptual strategy in which biological information becomes an active engineering parameter for rationally developing next-generation organic nanomaterials. This perspective highlights how molecular information can support more targeted, biologically informed, and environmentally responsible nanoformulation strategies.