Powered by (discrete) emotions? The consequences of affective polarization for self-censorship and outgroup silencing

Abstract Amid ongoing debates about political polarization in Western Democracies, this study investigates the role of affective polarization in the context of practices related to political discourse. In doing so, it moves beyond generalized affective polarization and delves into discrete negative emotions (fear, disgust, and anger), examining how they relate to the willingness to engage in self-censorship and the belief in the importance of silencing others, i.e., the respective political outgroup. Findings from a quota-based online survey conducted in autumn 2024 in Germany ( N = 1,918) reveal that the effects of affective polarization vary depending on the underlying emotion: fear of the political outgroup is linked to an increased willingness to self-censor. In contrast, anger is associated with a reduced willingness to self-censor, while all three negative emotions are connected to a higher belief in the importance to silence the political outgroup. These results underscore the critical role of discrete emotions in affective polarization, offering nuanced insights that extend beyond generalized dislike. In addition, they provide valuable insights into how affective polarization may threaten democratic values.