Socio-demographic characteristics, motivations, preparation, experiences, cost, and outcomes of birth tourism: a scoping review

Abstract Background Birth tourism is practised by women globally; however, the extent and nature of the available research evidence on the topic, particularly from the perspectives of birth tourists ('birth travellers', as is more appropriate), are not well understood. We mapped the available peer-reviewed literature on birth tourism from the perspective of birth travellers and identified gaps that need to be addressed. Methods For this scoping review, we used the Arksey and O’Malley framework, which involved identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, charting the data, and collating, summarising and reporting results. Specifically, we searched several databases (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL, Directory of Open Access Journals, African Journal Online, and Google Scholar) to identify relevant articles. We screened title and abstract from the identified studies and extracted data on study characteristics and findings relating to reported birth travellers’ socio-demographic characteristics, decision-making, information sourcing, travel preparation, motivations, experiences, cost, and outcomes of care. We then conducted a summative content analysis, mapping data to relevant codes and categories, in line with our review question. Results Of the 27 articles retrieved, 15 met the inclusion criteria, with at least one study published every year since 2016, except in 2020; the highest number was published in 2022 ( n = 3). Over 70% of the included studies explored motivations for seeking childbirth abroad, while about 30% examined experiences or outcomes of care. In studies involving multiple nationalities, Nigerian and Chinese women constituted the largest groups. Birth travellers were generally educated, employed and relatively financially stable. Decisions, information-seeking and travel preparations often involved family or other support networks. Motivations varied and were shaped by prevailing circumstances. Most birth travellers reported satisfactory experiences, although some felt discriminated against. Most birth travellers self-funded travel and care abroad, though some reported substantial financial sacrifice. Poor pregnancy outcomes were uncommon, although comparisons with host populations produced mixed findings across the included studies. Conclusion Our review demonstrates the need for more research to better understand how different women navigate the process of seeking childbirth abroad and suggests directions for healthcare system adaptation and policy development.