From Conflict to Conservation: The Medicinal Use of Eunectes murinus Fat in the Amazon Floodplain

Phytotherapy and zootherapy remain widely used by traditional populations, often as the only alternative due to limited access to pharmacies and hospitals. This scenario has contributed to the development of generational knowledge about the medicinal properties of plants and animals. In this study, we investigated the use of anaconda fat by riverine communities in the Lower Amazon region, Santarém-Pará—Brazil, exploring its potential as an argument for community-based conservation efforts. Anaconda fat was highly valued by interviewees, reported for the treatment of eighteen human ailments—some already scientifically validated. However, a potential decline in anaconda populations was observed in all visited communities. The main reason for the killings was the protection of domestic livestock, especially poultry. Thus, we propose that conservation strategies consider the traditional use of zootherapy and the reduction of local conflicts. Improving chicken coops appears as a complementary action, capable of mitigating conflicts with residents and, combined with the valorization of the medicinal use of fat, contributing to species conservation. By reducing losses in poultry farming, it is expected to also decrease encounters with snakes and killings, ensuring sustainable access to anaconda fat for future generations. Community engagement is crucial for applying solutions adapted to the local context.