Smart oxygen delivery using IoT-based physiological monitoring and adaptive oxygen flow control

Abstract This study presents the design and development of a portable oxygen concentrator prototype with IoT-enabled monitoring and automated oxygen-flow regulation based on measured physiological parameters. An ESP32 microcontroller processes data and handles wireless communication, while a MAX30102 sensor measures peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) and heart rate for system monitoring and control. The developed prototype provides oxygen flow rates ranging from 1 to 5 LPM, with oxygen purity measured between 90.68 ± 0.084% and 93.34 ± 0.114% across the tested flow conditions. The corresponding outlet pressure ranged from 1.150 ± 0.007 to 1.200 ± 0.007 bar, while stabilization time increased from 32.0 ± 0.707 to 46.0 ± 0.707 s. Power consumption increased from 142 to 150 W as the flow rate increased from 1 to 5 LPM. Each operating condition was evaluated using five experimental repetitions. In automatic mode, the closed-loop controller adjusts the oxygen-flow setting according to variations in the measured SpO 2 level. The system achieved a local control latency of 42.0 ± 3.0 ms, a ThingSpeak communication latency of 195.0 ± 8.0 ms, and a total end-to-end latency of 237.0 ± 7.0 ms. The acquired measurements were displayed locally through an OLED interface and transmitted to the ThingSpeak cloud platform for remote monitoring. The developed system is a bench-tested research prototype, and the reported results are limited to laboratory-level evaluation. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of integrating physiological sensing, automated flow regulation, and IoT-based monitoring within a portable oxygen-concentrator prototype; however, clinical validation and long-term reliability assessment are required before any medical or patient-specific application can be established.