Twelve tips for implementing patient-centred precision care in anaesthesia

Patient-centred precision care [(PC)2] is a new paradigm in anaesthesia that applies individualised care principles to tailor perioperative care to individual patient characteristics, preferences, and values. This individualised strategy aims to optimise anaesthetic effectiveness, minimise side effects, and align care with what matters most to patients - whether survival, cognitive preservation, pain control, or rapid functional recovery. By considering elements such as genetics, comorbidities, environmental influences, and lifestyle, (PC)2 improves outcomes and fosters long-term health and cost-effectiveness. Despite its promise, implementing (PC)2 faces challenges. Healthcare systems often prioritise efficiency over individualisation, while clinicians may focus on short-term outcomes. Regulatory hurdles and fragmented stakeholder input sometimes hinder industry efforts. To guide practical application, we present 12 practice recommendations for integrating (PC)2 into routine anaesthesia practice. These recommendations were derived from our experience implementing (PC)2 approaches, including Enhanced Recovery After Surgery, the Safe Brain Initiative, and the Brain Health Initiative. We also highlight the importance of evidence-based practice, health economic awareness, pragmatic clinical solutions, and the development of continuous quality improvement processes to promote sustainable excellence in care. Together, these strategies offer a roadmap for clinicians and organisations to deliver more precise, patient-specific, and effective anaesthesia, ultimately leading to better perioperative outcomes and experiences. Successful adoption of (PC)2 in real-world practice requires systemic alignment, a feedback-oriented culture, and active leadership engagement. This review highlights that these organisational elements are crucial for implementing (PC)2 across diverse healthcare settings.