Investigating sociocultural risk factors for depressive symptoms among British South Asian mothers with toddlers in the United Kingdom

Abstract Background South Asian women living in Western countries are at increased risk of experiencing maternal depression. While postnatal depression has been widely documented among South Asian women, less is known about how depressive symptoms are experienced and maintained beyond the first postnatal year. This study explored the experiences of depressive symptoms among British South Asian mothers of toddlers aged 1–3 years, with particular attention to the cultural, social, and environmental influences shaping motherhood during this period. Methods Interviews explored mothers’ experiences of depressive symptoms (screened using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), motherhood, and support systems during the toddler years. Results Through reflexive thematic analysis, the authors generated four themes that captured how South Asian mothers navigated motherhood during the toddler years while experiencing depressive symptoms. Negotiating Cultural Obligation and Maternal Autonomy reflected the influence of hierarchical family structures, expectations of obedience, and moral responsibility to fulfil multiple familial roles. Preserving Traditional Gendered Expectations Amid Expanding Women’s Roles and Declining Collective Support captured tensions arising from changing family structures, reduced traditional support networks, and difficulties accessing support from partners and services. The Cumulative Cost of Depressive Symptoms highlighted emotional exhaustion, loss of self-identity, reduced motivation, and strained family relationships. Reclaiming the Self: Restoring Wellbeing Through Connection and Support emphasised the importance of emotional support, and engagement from trusted networks and valuable input of healthcare services in validating mothers’ challenges. Collectively, the themes suggest that depressive symptoms were shaped by the interaction of persistent cultural expectations, diminishing support systems, and internalised beliefs surrounding motherhood and self-sacrifice. Conclusions Depressive symptoms among British South Asian mothers of toddlers were shaped by intersecting sociocultural pressures, including persistent cultural expectations, changing family structures, and reduced support. Emotional depletion also affected some mothers’ interactions with their children. Culturally responsive interventions should address maternal psychological wellbeing, strengthen social and familial support, promote shared caregiving, and incorporate culturally sensitive support within parenting interventions.