Characterization of a Magdalenian Composite Adhesive Lump From the Ćmielów 95 Site, Poland: Implications for Late Pleistocene Resin‐Curing Technology

ABSTRACT A unique, black, plastic object recovered from a Magdalenian dwelling structure at the site of Ćmielów 95 using a multi‐instrumental approach to assess Upper/Late Paleolithic adhesive technology. Multimethodological analyses reveal that the object is a sophisticated, artificially synthesized composite binder comprising an organic matrix and inorganic mineral fillers. The minerals include metallic iron, maghemite, defect olivine, and monticellite—all those pointing to high‐temperature transformation of the original iron minerals. The organic substance bears hopanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Complementary multianalytical screening successfully confirmed the antiquity of the artifact, ruling out potential modern industrial contaminants or natural organic materials. This discovery provides rare direct evidence for advanced pyrotechnology, compound recipe formulation, and adhesive curation among Late Pleistocene hunter‐gatherers.