Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation of a Triphala–Chitosan Nanocomposite GTR Membrane with Multifunctional Regenerative Potential

Objective: This study addressed the need for a multifunctional, naturally derived guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membrane by fabricating a Triphala–chitosan nanoparticle-based membrane and evaluating its physicochemical and in vitro biological properties for periodontal regeneration. Triphala provides antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, while chitosan nanoparticles improve structural stability and cell interactions, offering a novel multifunctional regenerative membrane.Materials and Methods: An aqueous Triphala extract was prepared, and chitosan nanoparticles were synthesised by ionic gelation. Triphala extract (3% v/v) was incorporated into the nanoparticle suspension (pH 4.5–5.5), cast into membranes, air-dried, neutralised with 1% NaOH, and conditioned. The membranes were characterised by SEM, EDS, and FTIR and evaluated for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, degradation, and fibroblast migration properties. Placebo membranes served as negative controls for antimicrobial testing, while standard antibiotics, ascorbic acid, and salicylic acid were used as reference standards for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory assays, respectively.Results: The membranes exhibited a compact microporous morphology with uniform elemental distribution. FTIR confirmed successful incorporation of Triphala into the chitosan matrix. Biological evaluations demonstrated dose-dependent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The membranes showed 55% degradation by day 21 and promoted enhanced fibroblast migration, indicating good scaffold biocompatibility.Conclusion: The Triphala–chitosan GTR membrane demonstrated favourable physicochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, degradation, and cell migration properties, supporting its potential as a multifunctional biomaterial for periodontal regenerative therapy.