Two-Stage Framework for Deployment-Aware Optimization of Satellite Constellation Pattern Design

Abstract This paper proposes a constellation pattern design optimization framework that considers satellite deployments. The proposed framework embeds the feasibility and practicality of multi-satellite deployment into the design space by including finite dwell time availability, J 2 -driven right ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) drift for orbital plane distribution, and the required completion time window. The resulting design problem is solved via a two-stage optimization procedure, yielding a Pareto front that represents the trade-off between cost and completion time. Stage 1 selects launcher injection RAANs to improve worst-case temporal access performance and dwell time margin. Stage 2 selects and assigns admissible satellites to launchers to capture the trade-off between total deployment cost (launcher and satellite costs) and deployment completion time. Case studies in Sun-synchronous orbit and low Earth orbit demonstrate interpretable cost–time trade spaces and illustrate how launcher-dependent deployability reshapes constellation pattern choices under different launch and cost conditions.