Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV receiving ART at Bule Hora University steaching hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Dolutegravir (DTG)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended first-line regimen because of its high efficacy, favourable safety profile, and high genetic barrier to resistance. Although Ethiopia has adopted DTG-based ART as the preferred first-line regimen, evidence regarding patients’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward DTG-based ART remains limited. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV receiving ART at Bule Hora University Teaching Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 308 People Living with HIV receiving DTG-based ART at BHUTH from September 1 to November 30, 2024. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from previous KAP studies. Knowledge, attitude and practices were assessed using composite scores and categorized using the mean score as the cut-off point. Collected data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6, and analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. Results A total of 308 participants were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 31.7 ± 14.1 years (range: 1–72 years). Overall, 234 (76.0%; 95% CI: 71.2%–80.7%) participants had good knowledge, 234 (76.0%; 95% CI: 71.2%–80.7%) demonstrated a positive attitude, and 290 (94.2%; 95% CI: 91.6%–96.8%) reported good treatment practices toward DTG-based ART. Most participants correctly identified the effectiveness of DTG-based ART and the importance of adherence; however, knowledge gaps remained regarding DTG use during pregnancy and potential adverse effects. Conclusions Overall, approximately three-quarters of the participants demonstrated good knowledge and positive attitudes toward DTG-based ART, while the vast majority reported good treatment practices. However, important knowledge and attitudes gaps remain regarding specific aspects of DTG therapy. Strengthening structured patient education and routine counseling may improve treatment literacy and support the successful implementation of DTG-based ART in Ethiopia.