Self-Assembling Nanoparticles to Assess Multivalent Interactions between Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Glycan Surfaces

Abstract The multivalent display of surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) on Influenza A viruses (IAVs) enhances the overall binding avidity to sialylated glycans on host cell surfaces. While precomplexing HA trimers with antibodies increases multivalency and avidity, this method does not replicate the virion’s geometry and limits insights into the multivalent binding process. Here, we use perfectly controllable icosahedral protein nanoparticles to examine the multivalent HA receptor-binding properties. We compare three HA presentation systems with varying degrees of multivalency: single HA trimers, antibody-precomplexed HA trimers, and HA trimers on nanoparticles. Our results indicate that increasing HA valency enhances binding avidity across various glycan surfaces, including erythrocytes, cells, and lipid bilayers with varying glycan densities, while maintaining receptor specificity. By combining functional and nonfunctional HA trimers during nanoparticle formation, we create statistical mixtures of nanoparticles with varying valencies. At high receptor densities, nanoparticles with few functional trimers still bind strongly, whereas at low receptor densities, a patch of five HA trimers appears necessary for binding. As a key finding, we observe that such a statistical mixture of nanoparticles with functional and nonfunctional HAs binds to glycan surfaces in a stronger density-dependent manner than fully functional particles. We also observe differences in binding modes that correlate with the number of functional trimers, the glycan structure (linear vs branched), and the densities achievable with these glycans. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the presentation of multivalent HA plays an enormous role in the response to glycan receptor type and density, with implications for the future design of virus monitoring, viral inhibitors, and targeting vectors.