Comparative efficacy of exercise modalities for mild cognitive impairment in older adults: A network meta-analysis

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a critical window for dementia prevention, yet the comparative efficacy of diverse exercise modalities remains unclear. We conducted a frequentist network meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials to identify the optimal exercise intervention for improving global cognition in older adults with MCI. Combined physical-cognitive training ranked first with a 68.0% probability of being the most effective intervention, followed by Tai Chi (15.9%), while single-mode exercises and control groups showed substantially lower benefits. Interventions requiring simultaneous physical exertion and neural engagement confer superior cognitive benefits. This evidence supports tailored dual-component exercise regimens as a robust non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate cognitive decline in aging populations.