Morphological and biochemical characterization of Capsicum annuum landrace Durgada for potential geographical indication status in Andhra Pradesh, India

Durgada chilli (also known as Potti mirchi ) is a traditional landrace of Capsicum annuum L., cultivated exclusively in Gollaprolu mandal of East Godavari district (presently in Kakinada district), Andhra Pradesh, India. This landrace is conserved and propagated by local farmers using traditional and ethnobotanical knowledge. It is highly valued for its intense red colour, moderate pungency, and suitability for colour extraction and export. However, limited scientific data exist regarding its biochemical traits, distinctiveness, and cultivation practices, which are essential for its wider recognition, conservation, and commercial utilization. Agro-morphological traits were recorded using standard descriptors. Field visits and farmer interviews were conducted in the major Durgada chilli growing areas including Durgada, Chendurthi, Tatiparthi, and Chebrolu. Biochemical analysis of fruit samples was carried out to determine total extractable colour (ASTA value), carotenoid content, and capsaicinoid composition. Durgada chilli plants exhibit an upright habit with tall, medium-spreading architecture and drooping solitary fruits. Biochemical characterization revealed a high total extractable colour value of 122.17 ASTA, with 0.15% red carotenoids and 0.12% yellow carotenoids. The landrace showed medium pungency with a total capsaicinoid content of 114.60 mg/100 g, corresponding to 17,446 Scoville Heat Units (SHU). The fruit has a thick pericarp (3–4 mm) and deep red colour at maturity. This chilli is exported to markets like Mumbai and subsequently to international destinations such as Dubai and Malaysia. Scientific characterization of its morphological and biochemical properties confirms its potential for commercialization, value addition, and Geographical Indication (GI) registration.