Integrated Evaluation of Rooftop Solar Power Generation System Performance in Tropical Climate Using Geometric, Electrical, and Environmental Parameters

The increasing demand for electrical energy in the commercial sector has encouraged the utilization of rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) systems as a sustainable energy solution in tropical climate regions. However, rooftop PV performance is influenced by the interaction of geometric, electrical, and environmental parameters, which may affect system efficiency. This study analyzes the performance of a rooftop PV system under tropical climate conditions using PVsyst simulation and actual monitoring data collected over 30 days. The research was conducted on an on-grid rooftop PV system with a capacity of approximately 135 kWp, consisting of 217 photovoltaic modules and three inverters with a DC/AC ratio of 1.12. The analysis employed Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The analyzed parameters included solar irradiance, module temperature, performance ratio (PR), shading losses, and system output power. The system produced 184,570 kWh/year of electrical energy, with a specific production of 1,372 kWh/kWp/year and a performance ratio of 79.87%. Solar irradiance showed a very strong positive linear relationship with system output power, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.981, while module temperature showed a negative relationship with system efficiency, with R = -0.87. The system experienced 1.29% shading losses and a recalculated MAPE of 18.04% based on the total AC output of the three inverters. These results indicate that solar irradiance strongly influences PV output power, while thermal effects contribute to reduced system performance under tropical climate conditions.