Impacts of 2025 Tariff War on Global Energy Security Dynamics

This study examines how the 2025 tariff episode affects four main dimensions, the 4A’s of energy security: availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. Our findings reveal how weaponized interdependence and the interplay between realism and institutionalism could reshape geopolitical dynamics; strain established supply chains and disrupt clean energy investments. We analyze the future global energy security landscape as influenced by changes in the 4A’s in China, the EU, and the U.S. following the tariff war.