Neuro-immune interactions in tumors, immune-related disorders, and infections

Abstract The nervous and immune systems interact to form a complex network that sustains homeostasis and finely tunes immune responses. These interactions significantly influence the pathogenesis and progression of various diseases, such as tumors, immune-related disorders, and infections. Consequently, these interactions have become promising therapeutic targets. However, insufficient mechanistic research and the lack of candidate drugs have restricted the application of therapeutic strategies targeting neuro-immune interactions. In this review, we summarize three modes of neuro-immune interactions: local mechanisms, reflex-level organization, and central nervous system-wide regulation. Next, we elucidate the mechanisms of neuro-immune interactions across different diseases, discuss their variations, and highlight the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these interactions. Additionally, understanding the dynamic crosstalk between specific neuronal and immune cell subtypes could reveal novel biomarkers and intervention points, facilitating more precise and personalized therapeutic strategies in diverse disease contexts. Furthermore, we dissect the current status of clinical trials and analyze the major challenges hindering effective clinical translation. Finally, we explore the potential of high-throughput sequencing technologies, such as single-cell omics and spatial omics, as well as neuro-electrophysiological methods, for in-depth investigation of related mechanisms. By integrating preclinical and clinical perspectives, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential and future directions in the burgeoning field of neuro-immune interactions.