Engineered Artificial Minerals (EnAM) Approach for Chromium Recovery and Stabilization in Steelmaking Slag

Steelmaking slag represents one of the largest industrial by-products, with estimated annual generation exceeding 500 million tons worldwide. These slag materials contain valuable alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, and vanadium that remain in the slag. Chromium, in particular, has a dual role: it is essential for corrosion resistance of steels but creates environmental and resource recovery challenges when transferred into the slag. Conventional utilization of these slag types in cement and construction applications is restricted by stringent Cr(VI) leaching limits. This article reviews current understanding of chromium distribution, speciation, and stabilization mechanisms in slag derived from various steelmaking processes. The paper critically examines chromium recovery strategies, particularly the potential of engineered artificial minerals (EnAM) concept to immobilize or concentrate chromium in physically recoverable phases. Comparative analysis of chemical, mineralogical, and process parameters is presented to identify leverage points for improved slag recycling and resource efficiency. The review concludes with recommendations for improved chromium management and identifies research priorities for more sustainable steel production.