Overview of Effective School and After-School Interventions Promoting Healthy Eating: Protocol for a Rapid Umbrella Review

The objective of this rapid umbrella review is to answer the following question : Which types of interventions aimed at promoting healthy eating (which may include other components such as physical activity, sleep, etc.), implemented among children aged 3 to 15 years in school and out-of-school settings in France, Europe, and other countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Mexico, appear to be the most effective? Population : Children aged 3 to 15 years, which corresponds to the period between the start of preschool and the final year of lower secondary school in France.Intervention : Interventions to promote healthy eating implemented in contexts relatively similar to France, allowing them to be considered transferable to the French context : Europe, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, and Mexico, which has been implementing policies to promote healthier diets. The interventions must have taken place in school or after school settings (i.e school-based interventions occurring after school hours).Comparison : Group not receiving the intervention, or before-and-after comparison without a control group.Outcomes : - Food intake : Consumption (measured in grams, frequencies, or both) of health-promoting and/or health-less favorable food groups is assessed via self-report or researcher-led measurements. Specifically, data collection must be quantitative and include two distinct measurements (e.g., baseline and follow-up). Data may be gathered through observational, biochemical (e.g dietary biomarkers), or other objective measures, such as fruit and vegetable purchase data (used as an accepted proxy), as well as via tools like food diaries, dietary recalls, or food frequency questionnaires. Other validated approaches, such as plate waste observation or photographic analysis, are also eligible. Studies based solely on the perception of changes in consumption are excluded; the review requires quantified data rather than subjective feelings or personal resolutions regarding dietary evolution.- Body Mass Index (BMI) and BMI z-score (zBMI) : BMI/zBMI may be assessed either objectively (measured) or subjectively (self-reported via survey). There are no specific requirements regarding the profile of the person performing the measurement. BMI serves as a standard weight-for-height index to categorize overweight and obesity at the population level. For the pediatric population, zBMI can be utilized, as it incorporates age- and sex-specific data to provide a standardized score comparable to established population normsParameters and outcomes relating to potential counterproductive effects on certain individual profiles are not considered in the present review. Furthermore, no cost-benefit analysis will be conducted within the scope of this review, nor will there be an analysis of potential barriers or obstacles to the selected interventions.