Unlocking the air: DNA metabarcoding sheds light on seasonal fungal dynamics in a temperate floodplain forest

Airborne fungi play a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, agriculture, people health and wellbeing, yet their response to increasingly frequent climate extremes remains poorly understood. There is thus a need for long-term studies that can capture both seasonal and annual dynamics of fungal remnants in the air. Here, we applied DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS region to investigate the composition and responses of fungal aerosols to meteorological variables in a temperate floodplain forest habitat. Passive air samples were collected continuously at three heights above the ground between March 2019 and February 2020 at the Leipzig Canopy Crane (Germany). Fungal aerosol assemblages were found to be dominated by Ascomycota (74.3 %) and Basidiomycota (25.1 %), with the genera Cladosporium , Epicoccum , and Alternaria consistently prevailing across samples. Our results revealed that seasonal changes in air temperature were the primary driver for compositional changes in fungal aerosols, with Ascomycota increasing in abundance during warmer months and Basidiomycota dominating during colder months. Through abundance differential analysis, we identified 66 genera, including allergenic and pathogenic taxa, that shifted significantly in abundance with seasonal temperatures. Interestingly, neither sampling height nor humidity had a significant effect. Our study highlights the importance of conducting long-term monitoring of bioaerosols under changing climate conditions while also creating a benchmark for future comparative studies.