Farm‐Level Greenhouse Gas Balance of Commercial Coffee Production in Minas Gerais, Brazil

ABSTRACT Coffee production is considered a potential contributor to climate change mitigation due to its perennial biomass and carbon storage capacity. However, empirical assessments of greenhouse gas (GHG) balances at the farm level remain limited for commercial coffee systems. This study quantified the carbon balance of 24 commercial coffee farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil, across two consecutive harvests (2020/21 and 2021/22). Farm‐level emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O were estimated following IPCC guidelines (Scopes 1 and 2) using farm inventory data. Carbon removals were estimated using biomass increment coefficients for coffee plantations, Permanent Preservation Areas, and Legal Reserves. Estimated carbon removals exceeded on‐farm emissions in 16 (66.7%) and 19 (79.2%) of the evaluated farms in 2020/21 and 2021/22, respectively. Average carbon balances across farms were 104.5 Mg CO 2 e (0.59 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 ) in 2020/21 and 263.1 Mg CO 2 e (1.35 Mg CO 2 e ha −1 ) in 2021/22. Nitrogen fertilization represented the largest emission source, accounting for 66.7% and 54.2% of total emissions in each harvest. Higher productivity reduced emissions per unit of product but increased emissions per hectare due to greater input intensity. Coffee plantations accounted for 414.3 and 448.3 Mg CO 2 e of total removals in 2020/21 and 2021/22, respectively, corresponding to 70.9% of total removals across farms. These findings highlight the importance of considering both emissions and removals when evaluating the carbon balance of commercial coffee systems. Farm‐level carbon accounting provides useful information for understanding carbon dynamics in perennial cropping systems and supporting greenhouse gas assessments in coffee production. 2026 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.