When the Sample “Becomes” the Population: Shifting Worlds With the Bootstrap

ABSTRACT The introduction of the bootstrap resampling technique constitutes an excellent pedagogical tool for illustrating sample variation. In this instance, the sample conceptually “becomes” (or is replaced by) the population; (re)samples are repeatedly taken from the “original” sample (which is now treated as the population). We provide a pedagogical framework in which this technique can be introduced to students for the first time. We propose a broad explanatory framework, favoring the use of specific examples. An understanding of the bootstrap will cement the ideas related to parameters, statistics, and sample variation in the minds of students.