Design and Development of an ESP32-Based Bird Repellent Prototype with Dual Detection (PIR and Ultrasonic Sensors)

Attacks by seed-eating birds during the rice-ripening stage can reduce crop yields, while traditional repelling methods tend to be inconsistent. This study aims to design and evaluate an ESP32-based bird repellent prototype with dual detection using passive infrared and ultrasonic sensors with OR logic. The study adopts a design-and-development approach with applied experimentation in a controlled test room measuring 2 × 3 meters. The system integrates an HC-SR501 passive infrared sensor, an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, an MG996R servo motor, an ISD1820 sound module, a speaker, and a reflective string as visual and audio actuators. Testing consisted of one test without birds and five sessions with test birds, with a maximum of seven birds. The results showed that the prototype was successfully implemented and all main system functions operated as designed. During testing with birds, the system recorded 171 triggers, with an average response time of 0.57 seconds and an average triggering distance of 232.14 cm. Following activation of the visual and audio actuators, the proportion of move-away responses was 68 percent. These results indicate that the developed prototype is suitable for preliminary validation of a bird repellent system in a controlled test environment.