Spring‐Loaded p‐Block Ions: Homodesmotic Ring Strain Energy Benchmarks for Charged Three‐Membered Rings

Ring strain energy (RSE) is central to the stability and ring‐opening chemistry of three‐membered rings (3MRs), yet reliable benchmarks for ionic p‐block 3MRs remain scarce. Here, we establish a unified homodesmotic protocol for charged saturated 3MRs: monocationic pnictogeniranium, chalcogeniranium and halonium ions, and monoanionic trieliranides bearing H, F, or Me ligands. A three‐tier workflow, from GFN2‐xTB screening to DLPNO‐CCSD(T)/def2‐QZVPP refinement, is used to compare counter‐ion‐free reactions, Coulomb‐corrected charge‐separated products and explicit ion pairs with SbF 6 − or Cs + . Benchmarking shows that naked‐ion C─C cleavage, or the average of naked‐ion C─C and C─El cleavages where appropriate, gives the most transferable RSE scale while avoiding artifacts from ion pairing. Cationic 3MRs are generally more strained than their neutral analogs, whereas trieliranides show stronger substituent control, with fluorination markedly increasing RSE. The heaviest pnictogeniranium cations (As, Sb, Bi) are best described as pseudocyclic, nonclassical multicentre C 2 Pn frameworks lacking an RCP and displaying Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson‐type structures. Periodic trends are rationalized through lone‐pair‐driven hybridization changes and charge‐dependent bonding. Additive atom and bond strain contributions are reported to enable rapid estimation of RSE in charged p‐block 3MRs.

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Publication Details

Journal
European Journal of Organic Chemistry
Published
2026-10-06
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.70881
Primary Topic
Synthesis and characterization of novel inorganic/organometallic compounds
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article
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article

Spring‐Loaded p‐Block Ions: Homodesmotic Ring Strain Energy Benchmarks for Charged Three‐Membered Rings

Arturo Espinosa Ferao, Alicia Rey Planells, Ayush V. Agrawal
European Journal of Organic Chemistry
Synthesis and characterization of novel inorganic/organometallic compounds
article

Spring‐Loaded p‐Block Ions: Homodesmotic Ring Strain Energy Benchmarks for Charged Three‐Membered Rings

Arturo Espinosa Ferao, Alicia Rey Planells, Ayush V. Agrawal
article en

Abstract

Ring strain energy (RSE) is central to the stability and ring‐opening chemistry of three‐membered rings (3MRs), yet reliable benchmarks for ionic p‐block 3MRs remain scarce. Here, we establish a unified homodesmotic protocol for charged saturated 3MRs: monocationic pnictogeniranium, chalcogeniranium and halonium ions, and monoanionic trieliranides bearing H, F, or Me ligands. A three‐tier workflow, from GFN2‐xTB screening to DLPNO‐CCSD(T)/def2‐QZVPP refinement, is used to compare counter‐ion‐free reactions, Coulomb‐corrected charge‐separated products and explicit ion pairs with SbF 6 − or Cs + . Benchmarking shows that naked‐ion C─C cleavage, or the average of naked‐ion C─C and C─El cleavages where appropriate, gives the most transferable RSE scale while avoiding artifacts from ion pairing. Cationic 3MRs are generally more strained than their neutral analogs, whereas trieliranides show stronger substituent control, with fluorination markedly increasing RSE. The heaviest pnictogeniranium cations (As, Sb, Bi) are best described as pseudocyclic, nonclassical multicentre C 2 Pn frameworks lacking an RCP and displaying Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson‐type structures. Periodic trends are rationalized through lone‐pair‐driven hybridization changes and charge‐dependent bonding. Additive atom and bond strain contributions are reported to enable rapid estimation of RSE in charged p‐block 3MRs.

European Journal of Organic Chemistry
University of Castilla-La Mancha (ES), Universidad de Murcia (ES)
Openalex Percentile: Top 27%
Synthesis and characterization of novel inorganic/organometallic compounds
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Spring‐Loaded p‐Block Ions: Homodesmotic Ring Strain Energy Benchmarks for Charged Three‐Membered Rings — Arturo Espinosa Ferao, Alicia Rey Planells, et al. · European Journal of Organic Chemistry (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS