Higher Education Under Fire: Historical Continuity, Legal Gaps, and a Proposed Framework for Global Academic Response

ABSTRACTUniversities have historically been central to intellectual independence, scientific progress, and cultural continuity. Yet, they have repeatedly been targeted during armed conflicts, destroying infrastructure, causing loss of life, and long-term disruption of knowledge production and scientific memory. This paper provides a historical overview of attacks on higher education institutions from antiquity to contemporary conflicts, demonstrating a persistent and escalating pattern of vulnerability across regions and time periods. It critically examines the evolution of international legal frameworks, revealing persistent deficiencies in implementation, enforcement, and accountability. It further exposes structural constraints, including weak enforcement mechanisms, geopolitical asymmetries, and inconsistent international responses. Ultimately, the role of academic institutions in protecting knowledge systems is discussed, and a framework is proposed for strengthened global academic coordination, including structured response protocols, shared documentation systems, and collaborative support mechanisms to enhance the protection and resilience of higher education institutions during armed conflict.