Macrophage Smad1 drives post-infarction dysfunction by reducing angiogenesis and by promoting matrix remodeling

AIMS: Infarct macrophages undergo dramatic phenotypic changes in response to cytokines and growth factors and serve as central effectors in cardiac repair and remodeling. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily members are key regulators of macrophages and signal predominantly through activation of Smad-dependent cascades. Although the involvement of TGF-β/Smad3 in regulation of macrophage phenotype has been documented, the effects of Smad1 signaling on macrophage phenotype and function remain unknown. We aimed at examining the patterns of activation and role of macrophage Smad1 in repair and remodeling of the infarcted heart. METHODS AND RESULTS: Macrophage Smad1 activation peaked 7 days after infarction. In vitro, TGF-β1, TGF-β3 and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-6, potently stimulated Smad1 activation in bone marrow macrophages. To study the role of macrophage Smad1 in myocardial infarction, we generated mice with myeloid cell-specific Smad1 loss. Bioinformatic analysis of scRNA-seq data suggested broad activation of a Smad1-mediated transcriptional program in all clusters of infarct macrophages. Myeloid cell-specific Smad1 loss attenuated post-infarction adverse remodeling and ventricular dysfunction, increasing angiogenesis and decreasing extracellular matrix denaturation. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis suggested that acquisition of an angiogenic macrophage profile in the absence of Smad1 is associated with upregulation of the angiogenic mediators CXCL12 and osteopontin and attenuated expression of the angiostatic chemokine CXCL4. However, myeloid cell-specific CXCL12 deletion in MyS1KO mice did not abolish the enhanced angiogenesis induced by Smad1 deficiency, indicating that Smad1-mediated suppression of angiogenesis likely depends on the coordinated regulation of multiple angiogenic pathways rather than on CXCL12 alone. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate for the first time that macrophage Smad1 contributes to adverse post-infarction remodeling by regulating the balance between angiogenic and angiostatic signals and by enhancing extracellular matrix remodeling.