The History of Gene Editing: From Classical Genetics to Modern Genome Engineering

This study traces the history of gene editing from classical genetics to modern genome engineering. It examines the progression from Mendelian genetics and the identification of DNA as genetic material to recombinant DNA technologies, programmable nucleases, and CRISPR–Cas systems. The study also explores the computational dimension of modern gene editing, including guide RNA design, predictive modeling, sequencing-based validation, and bioinformatics, alongside ethical and regulatory considerations surrounding somatic and germline editing. The work highlights how advances in genetics, molecular biology, engineering, and computational science have progressively increased the precision with which biological information can be manipulated.