Artificial intelligence driven framework for enhancing sustainability and resilience in communal cattle insurance in Lupane District Zimbabwe

Communal cattle farming in Sub-Saharan Africa continues to face destabilization from non-linear climate variability, yet insurance penetration remains negligible. In Lupane District, Zimbabwe, uptake is exceptionally low at approximately 0.01%, despite recurrent droughts that threaten household livelihoods. This study aimed to develop an AI-driven framework to enhance sustainability and resilience in communal cattle insurance within the district. A positivist research philosophy guided the study, and a quantitative approach was adopted. The Kothari sample size determination formula was applied to derive a statistically representative sample of 219 households from a population of 49,841 communal cattle farmers distributed across four villages in 23 wards. Data were collected through KoboCollect, transmitted to secure servers, and analyzed using JAMOVI version 2.6.44. Descriptive statistics indicated that the majority of farmers were male (62%), with an average age of 47 years and herd sizes ranging from 3 to 25 cattle. Education levels were generally low, with 54% reporting primary schooling and only 12% having secondary or higher qualifications. Income sources were largely subsistence-based, and 71% of respondents relied on cattle as their primary asset. Binary logistic regression revealed that affordability (β = 1.25, p < 0.01) and awareness (β = 0.99, p < 0.01) were the strongest determinants of adoption, while institutional trust (β = 0.74, p < 0.05) emerged as a significant direct predictor of adoption willingness. The study was theoretically anchored in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which explains how perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use influence uptake. Informed by findings from Objectives 1 and 2, the study proposes the Tri-Modular AI Resilience Engine (TMAIE). TMAIE integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for biometric cattle identification, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) for satellite-derived NDVI index triggers, and Transformer-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) localized in IsiNdebele and ChiShona for inclusive voice-based access. The study findings suggest that adoption is not a linear process but an adaptive evolution requiring both technological and social mechanisms. The proposed framework reflects these relationships through the integration of technological precision and community-based mediation. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence on the determinants of cattle insurance adoption and inform the development of a conceptual AI-driven framework that may support future climate-resilient livestock insurance innovations, subject to further validation and testing.