Potential, challenges, and opportunities in the development of geothermal energy projects

Geothermal energy is an important yet insufficiently explored renewable source. Known for its supply stability and low environmental impact, it offers significant potential, however, broader adoption faces notable technical, economic, and regulatory challenges. This paper first examines the origin of geothermal energy and its historical use, followed by the technological evolution of systems for both direct thermal use and electricity generation. It also reviews global trends and statistical indicators, providing context for current utilization patterns. The analysis places special emphasis on the Republic of Croatia, highlighting existing projects, available geological data, and strategic development plans. Key barriers to wider deployment are identified, and potential solutions are discussed, including legislative adjustments, investment incentives, and stronger institutional support. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a systematic approach to integrate geothermal energy into Croatia’s energy transition, thereby enhancing energy independence and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.