"Digital transformation in accountancy: a study of emerging technologies, adoption challenges, and future implications"

Abstract The field of accountancy has undergone a paradigm shift in the last two decades due to rapid technological advancements. Traditional bookkeeping and manual ledger systems have been replaced by cloud-based accounting software, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and data analytics tools. This paper explores the integration of technology in accountancy, examining how automation, AI-driven audit tools, cloud ERP systems, and blockchain are redefining accounting practices. It further analyses the benefits such as enhanced accuracy, real-time reporting, fraud detection, and cost efficiency, alongside challenges including cybersecurity risks, skill gaps, and resistance to change. The study employs a mixed-method approach, reviewing secondary literature and industry reports from 2020-2026 to assess technology adoption trends among small, medium, and large enterprises in India. Findings suggest that while large firms have embraced digital transformation, MSMEs lag due to cost and awareness barriers. The paper concludes that technology in accountancy is no longer optional but a strategic necessity, recommending continuous upskilling, regulatory support, and phased digital adoption for sustainable growth.