Role of Jalaukavacharana in the Management of Inflammatory and Vascular Disorders: A Review of Classical and Contemporary Evidence

Jalaukavacharana (therapeutic leech application) is a classical method of Raktamokshana described in Ayurveda and is traditionally employed in selected disorders involving vitiated Rakta and Pitta Dosha. Contemporary medicinal leech therapy has gained scientific interest because leech saliva contains biologically active substances with anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and vasomodulatory properties. Aim: To critically review the role of Jalaukavacharana in inflammatory and vascular disorders by integrating classical Ayurvedic concepts with contemporary scientific evidence. Materials and Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts and contemporary biomedical literature were reviewed using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Relevant search terms included Jalaukavacharana, Jalauka, Raktamokshana, medicinal leech therapy, inflammation, vascular disorders and venous congestion. Clinical trials, systematic reviews and relevant experimental studies were evaluated. Results: Classical Ayurvedic literature describes Jalaukavacharana as a relatively gentle method of Raktamokshana. Contemporary research suggests that medicinal leech therapy may influence coagulation, platelet aggregation, inflammation and local microcirculation. Clinical studies indicate potential therapeutic benefits in selected inflammatory and vascular conditions; however, variations in treatment protocols, sample sizes and outcome measures limit definitive conclusions. Conclusion: Jalaukavacharana provides an important link between classical Ayurvedic therapeutics and contemporary biomedical research. It may have a role in selected inflammatory and vascular disorders, particularly conditions associated with local venous congestion and impaired microcirculation. Further well-designed clinical trials using standardized protocols are required to establish its efficacy, safety and appropriate clinical indications.