Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) for ICU-related psychological distress among adult intensive care survivors: a scoping review

Background: Psychological morbidity is common following admission to adult intensive care units (ICUs), with many patients experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression as part of post-intensive care syndrome. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an established trauma-focused psychological therapy; however, its evidence base within critical care populations remains emerging.Objectives: This scoping review aimed to map the extent, characteristics, and findings of the available literature on the use of EMDR for ICU-related psychological distress.Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and reported following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review aimed to systematically identify and synthesise evidence relating to the application and reported outcomes of EMDR in ICU survivors.Results: Seven publications representing six independent study populations were included. Participants included adult ICU patients experiencing PTSD symptoms, delirium-related psychological disturbances, and COVID-19-related distress. EMDR was delivered using either standard protocols or the Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol (R-TEP). Across the evidence base, EMDR was associated with reductions in trauma-related distress, although evidence for improvements in anxiety and depression was less consistent. Where qualitative data were available, participants additionally reported improved integration and processing of ICU experiences. Overall, methodological heterogeneity, overlapping samples, small sample sizes, and limited controlled evidence restrict the strength of conclusions that can be drawn.Conclusions: This review highlights growing but preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility and potential utility of EMDR, including R-TEP, for ICU-related psychological distress. While findings are promising, the current evidence base remains insufficient to determine effectiveness. Future research should prioritise adequately powered controlled studies, standardised outcome measures, longer-term follow-up, and more diverse ICU populations to strengthen the evidence base and inform clinical implementation.