Chemical and Structural Analysis of Pollen Collected by Apis florea in Iran: A Case Study of Hormozgan Province

Abstract With its expansive mountainous forests, Hormozgan (Iran) provides favorable environments for the habitation and foraging of Apis florea Fabricius. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive chemical and structural analysis of the pollen gathered by dwarf honey bees across diverse regions within Hormozgan, to reveal the essential role of this species in pollinating the region’s forests. Pollen and honey samples were collected from 60 distinct hives. Reference pollen slides were prepared from pollen samples extracted from honey and analyzed for pollen frequency, morphology and dominant plant species pollinated by A. florea. The results revealed considerable variations in the pollen preferences of dwarf honey bees across the region in terms of size, shape, aperture position, and exine ornamentation. Specific plant families were particularly favored by dwarf honey bees in distinct locations: Rhamnaceae in region 1 (Rudan and Minab), Fabaceae and Salvadoraceae in region 2 (Jask and Sirik), and Arecaceae, along with other fruit trees in region 3 (Bashagard). The physicochemical properties of pollen revealed significant findings: Region 3 exhibited the highest phenol content (193.5 mg/g), antioxidant activity (99.4 mg TEAC/g), and flavonoid content (69.6 mg/g). Beyond producing high-quality pollen, A. florea has significant potential as a pollinator to contribute to plant pollination across this province. Preserving this valuable genetic reserve at the national level is crucial to safeguarding this species from potential harm due to farmers’ lack of awareness.