Optimization and feasibility of hybrid photovoltaic-thermal and wind turbine along with forced convection phase change material-embedded Trombe wall using control algorithm for targeting Net Zero Energy Buildings

The objective of this study is to economically optimize a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system, comprising a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic–thermal (PV/T), that allows the forced convection phase change material (PCM)-embedded Trombe wall building (PCMTWB) which is conditioned by ground source heat pump (GSHP) to target net zero energy building (ZEB) status. Since the Trombe wall is modeled as forced convection, a control algorithm is used to prevent its negative effects. Classical Trombe wall building (CTWB) and PCMTWB against the standard building (SB) across the four distinct climatic zones of Türkiye are compared using TRNSYS. Hybrid renewable energy system, sized to meet yearly energy demand of building, is optimized from an economic perspective applying Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Building performance is evaluated using three thermal criteria; efficiency, effectiveness, and reduction parameter; three economic metrics, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), levelized cost of heat (LCoH) and payback period; and two thermal comfort indices, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD). Annual energy consumption reduction rate of PCMTWB is −15%, 9.8%, 12.8% and 33.3% for Antalya, Bursa, Ankara, and Erzurum, respectively. Minimum hourly levelized total capital investment cost rates of PCMTWB are computed as 0.35 $/h, 0.46 $/h, and 0.39 $/h for Bursa, Ankara, and Erzurum, correspondingly. LCOE is computed as 0.06 $/kWh, 0.10 $/kWh, and 0.03 $/kWh, while LCoH is 1.12 $/kWh, 1.73 $/kWh, and 0.58 $/kWh.