Unsupervised Seismic Data Denoising Based on Trace2Trace with Neighborhood Structure Regularization

Denoising is central to geophysical data processing because the quality of a seismic record largely determines how reliably subsurface structures can be interpreted and resources evaluated. Field data, however, are typically corrupted by random noise, and clean labels are seldom available in practical surveys. In this paper, we address this gap with an improved self-supervised Trace2Trace framework for seismic denoising. Our method builds input-target pairs from the odd and even traces of a seismic record and, by exploiting the spatial correlation between neighboring traces, learns a denoising mapping purely from noisy observations, so no clean reference is needed. Conventional Trace2Trace tends to over-smooth precisely because neighboring traces are so similar, and to counter this we add a neighborhood structure regularization mechanism: a structural constraint term incorporated into the loss function keeps local discontinuities and edges intact, sharpening the representation of discontinuous geology, while a dedicated structure difference matrix strengthens the capture of faults and other critical discontinuities. Based on an idealized noise-free network assumption, we further develop a dual-path regularized optimization strategy that suppresses residual noise without eroding useful signal. Across both synthetic and real seismic datasets, the proposed method achieves improved denoising performance compared with existing baselines. On the synthetic dataset, the proposed method achieves an SNR of 17.91 dB, improving the SNR by 0.98 dB over the best-performing baseline, while preserving reflection events, local amplitude variations, and fault boundaries more faithfully. Its performance is further examined on real seismic data.