Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

AbstractMyofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome (MPDS) is one of the most common causes of chronic orofacial pain and is considered a major subtype of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). It primarily affects the muscles of mastication and surrounding structures, leading to pain, muscle tenderness, joint sounds, and limitation of mandibular movements. Although the exact etiology remains multifactorial, psychological stress, parafunctional habits such as bruxism and clenching, muscular fatigue, occlusal discrepancies, and trigger point activation are recognized as important contributing factors. Over the years, advances in diagnosis and management have improved understanding of MPDS; however, challenges remain regarding its precise pathogenesis and optimal treatment strategies. This review summarizes the historical background, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and current management modalities of MPDS.