Laser-driven high-speed processing of perovskite solar cells: Emerging technologies and challenges

Laser processing, as a non-contact, precise, and scalable technique, is playing an increasingly key role in advancing the fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This review provides a critical, systematic overview of emerging laser technologies for PSCs, moving beyond simple cataloging of advances. This review covers laser-induced crystallization and defect passivation of the perovskite layer, laser annealing and modification of charge transport layers, and transparent electrodes. Crucially, we synthesize comparative data across studies, highlight contradictions and consensus in the field, and dissect the interplay between laser parameters (wavelength, pulse duration) and final device performance. Finally, we identify key unresolved mechanistic questions and outline future research directions to achieve meter-per-minute processing speeds and square-meter-scale module production with high yield and consistency.