Precision Nutrition for Gut Health: Bridging Gut Microbiome Science and Ayurvedic Ahara Principles

The gut microbiome is increasingly recognised as a key determinant of digestive, metabolic and immune health. Ayurveda has traditionally advocated individualised dietary planning through concepts including Prakriti (constitutional phenotype), Agni (digestive and metabolic capacity), Dosha status, Ahara (diet), and Pathya (wholesome dietary practices) emphasising that dietary recommendations should be tailored according to individual characteristics. This review explores the relationship between gut microbiome science and precision nutrition and examines their conceptual convergence with Ayurvedic dietary principles. Current evidence indicates that the gut microbiome significantly influences nutrient metabolism, dietary responses, and disease susceptibility, supporting personalised nutritional strategies. Studies investigating associations between constitutional phenotypes and gut microbial profiles have provided insights into integrating Ayurvedic concepts with contemporary microbiome science. Furthermore, technological advances including next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, artificial intelligence, and digital health platforms further facilitate individualised dietary interventions. Although direct equivalence between Ayurvedic concepts and modern biomedical constructs cannot be established, meaningful conceptual parallels exist. While precision nutrition relies on microbiome science, multi-omics technologies, and artificial intelligence, Ayurveda employs constitution-based assessment and digestive capacity to guide dietary planning. Integrating these complementary approaches may support personalised gut health management, sustainable dietary interventions, preventive healthcare strategies, and improved dietary counselling. Further interdisciplinary research and well-designed clinical studies are required to validate these approaches and facilitate their application in evidence-informed healthcare.