Investigating the non-compliance with language policy-related frameworks by government departments in South Africa

Despite South Africa’s progressive constitutional and legislative frameworks for multilingualism, the implementation of language policy-related frameworks by government departments is critically inadequate. This study explored the reasons for ongoing non-compliance and investigated the implications thereof. Existing literature acknowledges progressive language policies but lacks research on systemic implementation failures and accountability deficits. The study identifies barriers to effective policy implementation and determines the legal and practical consequences of non-compliance. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with officials from the Department of Sport, Arts and Culture, the Pan South African Language Board and the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities. Thematic analysis revealed that effective monitoring and evaluation are undermined by competing government priorities, budgetary constraints and a lack of collaboration between language bodies. Critically, the study found no legal consequences for non-compliance, as language policies lack enforceable sanctions. This absence of punitive measures perpetuates the marginalisation of Indigenous languages and prevents them from achieving equal linguistic status. The study recommends that punitive measures for non-compliance be constitutionally enshrined and that responsibilities be more clearly demarcated between language authorities.