Occlusion in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review

AbstractBackground: Occlusion is a cornerstone of orthodontic diagnosis, planning, and treatment outcomes. It involves a complex interplay between teeth, temporomandibular joints, masticatory muscles, and neuromuscular coordination. Understanding occlusion from both static and dynamic perspectives is essential to achieve functional harmony and prevent pathologic adaptations. This systematic review consolidates current evidence and theoretical advancements on occlusion in orthodontics, tracing its historical evolution, developmental aspects, functional principles, and management of occlusal disorders.Methods: Inclusion criteria-focusing on occlusal concepts, orthodontic diagnosis, full-mouth rehabilitation, and TMJ function. Exclusion criteria all the incomplete manuscript and preprint of the earlier studies. Literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and ResearchGate (2000–2025) and textbook. “Occlusion in Orthodontics”. The book’s content was reviewed and its main ideas were summarized under key topics related to occlusion and orthodontic treatment.Discussion: The discussion highlights the multifactorial nature of occlusion, encompassing developmental, anatomical, and functional determinants. Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment must consider the intricate relationships among teeth, musculature, and temporomandibular joints. Functional occlusion, involving coordinated anterior guidance and posterior disocclusion, is essential for distributing occlusal loads and preventing trauma. Modern diagnostic tools such as the T-Scan™ system and cone beam computed tomography have enhanced understanding of occlusal dynamics and treatment outcomes. Studies comparing retention protocols and occlusal adjustments underline the importance of long-term stability and individualized treatment planning to maintain functional harmony after orthodontic therapy.Results and Conclusion: Occlusion remains a dynamic concept integrating structure and function within the stomatognathic system. Contemporary orthodontics must combine traditional occlusal principles with modern diagnostic technologies to ensure long-term functional stability and patient well being.