Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Alzheimer's Disease

ABSRACT Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment and functional deterioration. The complex involvement of amyloid-β accumulation, abnormal tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss makes treatment challenging. In addition, the blood–brain barrier restricts the transport of many therapeutic molecules into the central nervous system. Novel drug delivery systems have therefore attracted considerable attention as strategies for improving drug stability, controlled release, brain exposure and targeting. This project reviews major drug targets and advanced delivery approaches investigated for Alzheimer’s disease. Nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, micelles, nanogels, exosomes and intranasal systems are discussed. Emerging approaches involving receptor-mediated targeting, biomimetic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive systems, artificial intelligence, RNA delivery and theranostics are also considered. The project further describes evaluation parameters, advantages, limitations, safety concerns, recent clinical developments and future perspectives