‘John Herschel's Preliminary Discourse (1830) and Manual of Scientific Enquiry (1849): the question of amateur contributions to elite science’

In his Preliminary Discourse (1830), John Herschel (1792-1871) set the scene for discussions of induction as the method of scientific inquiry, such as those carried on by William Whewell (1794-1866) and J. S Mill (1806-1873). Another less-noticed theme of his book is the focus on accumulation of empirical information in repositories as a necessary condition of major scientific discoveries. This preoccupation influenced Herschel's call for preliminary observations from untrained individuals – even though he emphasized that all observation required skill, experience and judgment. Almost immediately some members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1831), such as Whewell and James David Forbes (1809-1868), queried the separation of observation and theory and challenged the assumption that inexpert observations were helpful in emerging branches of science, such as meteorology, mineralogy, geology and botany. Herschel addressed these issues in his edited Manual of Scientific Enquiry (1849) - withdrawing the original open invitation, making it clear that observation required training, and suggesting printed forms, predicated on theory, that guided observation in collaborative inquiry.