The Exact Order of Mixing in a Problem of Ward: A Seven-Term Polynomial with No Sparser Multiple

Problem A of T. Ward's list "Six problems in algebraic dynamics" concerns the polynomial f = 1 + u_1 u_2 + u_1^2 u_2 + u_1^3 u_2 + u_1^4 + u_2^2 + u_1^4 u_2^2 and the algebraic Z^2-action attached to the module Z[u_1^{±1}, u_2^{±1}]/⟨p, f⟩, where p is a prime for which f is irreducible modulo p. Its order of mixing M was known to satisfy 3 ≤ M < 7, and the problem asks for the exact value. We show that M = 6 for every prime p: the action is mixing of order 6 and not of order 7. The polynomial f is absolutely irreducible modulo every prime, so no prime has to be excluded. By results of Schmidt, Masser, and Derksen and Masser, and because the radical of the group generated by u_1, u_2 in the function field of the curve f = 0 consists only of constant multiples of monomials, M + 1 is the least number of terms of a non-zero multiple of f in F_p[u_1^{±1}, u_2^{±1}]. Our main result is that every non-zero multiple of f with coefficients in an algebraic closure of F_p has at least seven terms. The proof is elementary: it sorts a multiple by powers of u_2, reduces to two possible shapes of a six-term multiple by a Chebyshev-type recurrence, and excludes these by a local analysis at the points of the curve with u_1^4 = −1, a Frobenius splitting and an explicit computation. The prime 2 is treated separately. For p = 2 an exhaustive computer search confirms the main result for coefficients in F_2, independently of this proof, and shows that the support of f is, up to equivalence, the only non-mixing set with seven points. This is an unrefereed note. Unrefereed preprint released for independent mathematical scrutiny. Publication on Zenodo does not constitute peer review. AI-assisted tools supported research, computation, proof development, and manuscript preparation. The author remains responsible for all claims and the final text. Corpus identifier: AMR-042-0001 (T. Ward, "Six problems in algebraic dynamics", Problem A: order of mixing).

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23128131
Primary Topic
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
Type
preprint
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preprint

The Exact Order of Mixing in a Problem of Ward: A Seven-Term Polynomial with No Sparser Multiple

Alper Ferudun
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
preprint

The Exact Order of Mixing in a Problem of Ward: A Seven-Term Polynomial with No Sparser Multiple

Alper Ferudun
preprint en

Abstract

Problem A of T. Ward's list "Six problems in algebraic dynamics" concerns the polynomial f = 1 + u_1 u_2 + u_1^2 u_2 + u_1^3 u_2 + u_1^4 + u_2^2 + u_1^4 u_2^2 and the algebraic Z^2-action attached to the module Z[u_1^{±1}, u_2^{±1}]/⟨p, f⟩, where p is a prime for which f is irreducible modulo p. Its order of mixing M was known to satisfy 3 ≤ M < 7, and the problem asks for the exact value. We show that M = 6 for every prime p: the action is mixing of order 6 and not of order 7. The polynomial f is absolutely irreducible modulo every prime, so no prime has to be excluded. By results of Schmidt, Masser, and Derksen and Masser, and because the radical of the group generated by u_1, u_2 in the function field of the curve f = 0 consists only of constant multiples of monomials, M + 1 is the least number of terms of a non-zero multiple of f in F_p[u_1^{±1}, u_2^{±1}]. Our main result is that every non-zero multiple of f with coefficients in an algebraic closure of F_p has at least seven terms. The proof is elementary: it sorts a multiple by powers of u_2, reduces to two possible shapes of a six-term multiple by a Chebyshev-type recurrence, and excludes these by a local analysis at the points of the curve with u_1^4 = −1, a Frobenius splitting and an explicit computation. The prime 2 is treated separately. For p = 2 an exhaustive computer search confirms the main result for coefficients in F_2, independently of this proof, and shows that the support of f is, up to equivalence, the only non-mixing set with seven points. This is an unrefereed note. Unrefereed preprint released for independent mathematical scrutiny. Publication on Zenodo does not constitute peer review. AI-assisted tools supported research, computation, proof development, and manuscript preparation. The author remains responsible for all claims and the final text. Corpus identifier: AMR-042-0001 (T. Ward, "Six problems in algebraic dynamics", Problem A: order of mixing).

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
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The Exact Order of Mixing in a Problem of Ward: A Seven-Term Polynomial with No Sparser Multiple — Alper Ferudun · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS