Evolution of Stem Cell Therapy: From Embroyic and Adult Stem Cells to IPSCS in Disease Modelling, Cell Replacement and Precision Therapeutics

ABSTRACT Over recent years, stem cell therapy has transitioned from a potentially viable approach to an actual method of tissue repair and regeneration. This review highlights advances in the study of stem cell biology, their classification, and application in medical practice. In particular, the use of different sources of stem cells, including embryonic, adult, perinatal, and induced pluripotent stem cells, was discussed. The treatment of four diseases using various approaches, including cell-free and cell-based, was investigated. Particular attention was drawn to the mechanism of action of these strategies, including immunomodulatory effects, promotion of neuroprotection and remyelination, and cell replacement. The use of modified messenger RNA, exosomes, and co-transplantation of MSCs were noted as promising areas of stem cell therapy. Despite the many advantages, the challenges of genetic and karyotype instability, neoplastic transformation, epigenetic memory, and immunogenicity were identified as significant obstacles to the use of stem cells in therapy. The application of gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR, single-cell sequencing, organoids, 3D bioprinting, and artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine was noted as a way to solve these problems. Moreover, the possibilities of using organoids derived from iPSCs, cell-free therapies, and individual approaches to treat a wide range of diseases were discussed. In conclusion, the prospects of stem cell therapy were highlighted, given its ability to influence a large number of pathologies, although a more detailed study of many aspects of stem cell use, including manufacturing standards, is still required.